In data add to the upgrade modification list a modifier to multiply or add damage to the damage effects the unit uses. Multiplying by 1.1 will increase relative damage by 10%, where as adding a constant can increase damage 10% additively.
If there is only 1 upgrade level you can give the unit a buff class behaviour which increases damage by 10% and has a requirement of the upgrade. Once the upgrade is researched the behaviour turns on and increases damage by 10%.
With triggers one can use the catalog actions to achieve something similar to upgrading the unit's damage effect directly with the upgrade. One could also add stacks of a behaviour to the unit, each stack increasing damage by 10%.
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